A

• albumin to creatinine ratio. the ratio of albumin to creatinine (ACR) in the urine. This value tells us more information about the health of the kidney. Levels less than 30 mg/g creatinine are normal. Levels 30-300 are considered moderately elevated (formerly microalbuminuria) and levels above 300 are considered severely increased albuminuria (formerly macroalbuminuria)

• Alopecia. Hair loss. The word ‘alopecia’ sometimes causes confusion.  The Greek term “alopex” means fox. The word alopecia is thought to derive from the Greek term alopekia which literally translated means “fox disease.”

• Alopecia neoplastica

• Anagen phase of the hair cycle.

• Adherence refers to the extent to which patient follows an agreed treatment plan. It signifies that the patient and physician collaborate to improve the patient’s health by integrating the physician’s medical opinion and the patient’s lifestyle, values and preferences for care. SEE LINK

• Arrector pili musle.

B

• Bempedoic acid. A cholesterol lowering drug which inhibits adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACL) and consequently cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to increased expression of LDL receptors and increasing low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C) plasma clearance.

• BMI. body mass index is a simple calculation using a person’s height and weight. The formula is BMI = kg/m2 where kg is a person’s weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in metres squared. A variety of easy to use online calculators will help calculate BMI. A normal BMI is typically 18.5 to under 25. SEE LINK.

• bulb of hair follicle.

C

• Catagen phase of the hair cycle.

• Chronic kidney disease. CKD is defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urine albuminuria 30 mg/g for at least 3 months. The presence of markers of kidney damage (like an abnormal biopsy or abnormal imaging test result) would also meet the criteria of CKD. SEE LINK.

• Chronic Kidney Disease–Epidemiology Collaboration (“CKD-EPI”) equation. A common (and among the most popular) methods of calculating estimated GFR. SEE LINK.

• Compliance is the extent to which the patient follows the practitioner’s advice. It implies patient obedience to the physician’s authority. Adherence is the preferred term rather than compliance. SEE LINK

D

• Diffuse hair loss

E

F

• Familial hypercholesterolemia. A genetic condition affecting 1 in 200 people; It is due to mutations in the LDLR (85-90%), APOB (5-15%) or PCSK9 (1%) whereby patient have high levels of LDL and are at markedly increased risk of cardivascular disease. see LINK

G

• Glomerular filtration rate. An estimate of how well blood is filtered by the kidney. SEE LINK.

H

• Hairline maturation.

• High intensity statins. Refers to two statins - atorvastatin and rosuvastatin that are used a high doses in those with the highest risk for cardiovascular disease. SEE LINK.

I

• infundibulum

• isthmus.

J

K

L

• LDL cholesterol - low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Evidence has confirmed that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein (Apo) B containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall

• Localized hair loss

M

• Metabolic syndrome. A constellation of health issues that increase a person’s risk for cardiovascular disease. According to CEP ATP III, metabolic syndrome is present if the patient has three or more of the following: 1) waist circumference over 40 inches or 102 cm (men) or 35 inches or 88 cm (women). 2) blood pressure over 130/85 mmHg. 3) fasting triglyceride (TG) level over 150 mg/dl (TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L). 4) fasting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dl (1.03 mmol/L) (men) or 50 mg/dl (1.29 mmol/L) (women). 5) fasting blood sugar over 110 mg/dl (≥ 6.1 mmol/L)

N

• •nephrolithiasis- kidney stones

• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - defined by macrovesicular steatosis in ≥5% hepatocytes, in the absence of a secondary cause such as alcohol or drugs. SEE LINK

O

• Obese. A term to describe a weight signficantly above the normal. A BMI above 30 is generally used to define obese. A BMI 30-34.9 is mildly obese (class 1); A BMI 35-39.9 is moderately obese (class 2); A BMI over 40 is severely obese (class 3).

• Occipital scalp.

• Overweight. A term to describe a weight over the normal. The BMI is often used to define overweight with BMI 25-30 in many countries representing overweight. In some countries (ie Singapore), a BMI of 23 or more is used to define overweight.

P

• Parietal scalp

• Patchy hair loss -a type of hair loss where the patient develops distinct areas of hair loss limited to a small area of the scalp.

• PCSK9 inhibitors. Cholesterol lowering medications in the form of antibodies designed to bind to PCSK9 and block its activity, thereby allowing LDL receptors to remain on surface of liver cell. This will lead to more clearance of LDL particles and reduced LDL cholesterol. 

• Primary prevention. A method of preventing disease in patients who may have one or more risk factors for the disease but have not yet developed the disease in question. Primary prevention is aimed at people who already have developed some of the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol. SEE LINK.

Q

R

S

• Secondary prevention. A method of preventing additional disease and morbidity in patients who have developed disease in question.

• Statins. Cholesterol lowering mediations which blocks HMG co A reductase (rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis) thereby reducing cholesterol synthesis

• Stem cells.

T

• Telogen phase of the hair cycle

• Traction alopecia.

• Trichotillomania.

U

• Urinalysis. A simple method of evaluating metabolic, cellular changes in the urine. Components of Urinalysis include visual inspection, dipstick tests (albumin, pH, ketones, glucose, bilirubin, nitrites, leukocyte esterase, specific gravity), and microscopic assessment (cells: white cells, red cells, epithelial cell, casts, bacteria). SEE LINK.

V

W

X

Y

Z